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<title>Database engine</title>

</head>

<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Database engine</span></span>

</h1>

</header>

<p>A <b>database engine</b> (or <b>storage engine</b>) is the underlying software component that a <a href="Database_management_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Database management system">database management system</a> (DBMS) uses to <a href="Create%2C_read%2C_update_and_delete" title="Create, read, update and delete">create, read, update and delete</a> (CRUD) <a href="Data" title="Data">data</a> from a <a href="Database" title="Database">database</a>. Most database management systems include their own <a href="Application_programming_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Application programming interface">application programming interface</a> (API) that allows the user to interact with their underlying engine without going through the user interface of the DBMS.

</p><p>The term "database engine" is frequently used interchangeably with "<a href="Database_server" title="Database server">database server</a>" or "database management system". A "database instance" refers to the processes and memory structures of the running database engine.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Storage_engines">Storage engines</h2></div>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Comparison_of_MySQL_database_engines" title="Comparison of MySQL database engines">Comparison of MySQL database engines</a></div>

<p>Many of the modern DBMS support multiple storage engines within the same database. For example, <a href="MySQL" title="MySQL">MySQL</a> supports <a href="InnoDB" title="InnoDB">InnoDB</a> as well as <a href="MyISAM" title="MyISAM">MyISAM</a>.

</p><p>Some storage engines are <a href="Database_transaction" title="Database transaction">transactional</a>.

</p>

<th>License</th>

<th>Transactional</th>

<th>Compatibility</th>

<th>Notes

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="MariaDB" title="MariaDB">MariaDB</a> and <a href="MySQL" title="MySQL">MySQL</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Falcon_(storage_engine)" title="Falcon (storage engine)">Falcon</a></td>

<td>MySQL</td>

<td>Discontinued

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="InnoDB" title="InnoDB">InnoDB</a></td>

<td>MySQL and MariaDB</td>

<td>The default for MySQL and MariaDB

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Memory_(storage_engine)" title="Memory (storage engine)">Memory</a></td>

<td>MySQL and MariaDB

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="MyISAM" title="MyISAM">MyISAM</a></td>

<td>MySQL</td>

<td>Was the default for MySQL

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="InfiniDB" title="InfiniDB">InfiniDB</a></td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="TokuDB" title="TokuDB">TokuDB</a></td>

<td>MySQL and MariaDB</td>

<td>Uses <a href="Fractal_tree_index" title="Fractal tree index">fractal tree index</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="WiredTiger" title="WiredTiger">WiredTiger</a></td>

<td><a href="MongoDB" title="MongoDB">MongoDB</a></td>

<td>Default for MongoDB

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="XtraDB" title="XtraDB">XtraDB</a></td>

<td>MariaDB and <a href="Percona_Server_for_MySQL" title="Percona Server for MySQL">Percona Server for MySQL</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="RocksDB" title="RocksDB">RocksDB</a> / <a href="MyRocks" title="MyRocks">MyRocks</a></td>

<td><a href="GNU_General_Public_License#Version_2" title="GNU General Public License">GPL v2</a> or <a href="Apache_License" title="Apache License">Apache 2.0</a></td>

<td><a href="ArangoDB" title="ArangoDB">ArangoDB</a>, <a href="Apache_Cassandra" title="Apache Cassandra">Cassandra</a>, MariaDB, MongoDB, MySQL, SurrealDB

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<p>Additional engine types include:

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Embedded_database" title="Embedded database">Embedded database</a> engines</li>

<li><a href="In-memory_database" title="In-memory database">In-memory database</a> engines</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design_considerations">Design considerations</h2></div>

<p>Information in a database is stored in the form of bits, laid out into <a href="Data_structure" title="Data structure">data structures</a> on storage hardware. These data structures are designed for efficient reads and writes to and from the storage hardware. Typically the storage hardware itself is designed to meet the requirements of various systems, including databases, that extensively utilize storage. An operating <a href="Dbms" class="mw-redirect" title="Dbms">DBMS</a> always utilizes several storage types simultaneously. These different storage types, such as <a href="Flash_memory" title="Flash memory">flash memory</a> and external <a href="Hard_disk_drive" title="Hard disk drive">disk storage</a>, each require different data layout methods.

</p><p>In principle, database storage can be viewed as a <a href="Linear_address_space" class="mw-redirect" title="Linear address space">linear address space</a> where every bit of data has a unique address. In practice, only a very small percentage of addresses are kept as initial reference points, which also require storage. Most data is accessed instead by <a href="Indirection" title="Indirection">indirection</a> using displacement calculations (distance in bits from the reference points) and data structures which define access paths (using pointers) to all needed data in an effective manner, optimized for the needed data access operations.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Database_storage_hierarchy">Database storage hierarchy</h3></div>

<p>A database, while in operation, resides simultaneously in several types of storage, forming a <a href="Storage_hierarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Storage hierarchy">storage hierarchy</a>. Inside of a contemporary computer hosting a DBMS, most of the "database" part resides, partially replicated, in <a href="Volatile_memory" title="Volatile memory">volatile storage</a>. Data that are actively being processed and manipulated reside inside the <a href="Processor_(computing)" title="Processor (computing)">processor</a>, possibly in <a href="CPU_cache" title="CPU cache">processor's caches</a>. These data are read from and written to memory, typically through a computer <a href="Bus_(computing)" title="Bus (computing)">bus</a>, which is usually a volatile storage component. Computer memory communicates data to and from external storage, typically through standard storage interfaces or networks (e.g., <a href="Fibre_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Fibre channel">fibre channel</a>, <a href="ISCSI" title="ISCSI">iSCSI</a>).

</p><p>A <a href="Disk_array" title="Disk array">storage array</a>, a common external storage unit, typically has storage hierarchy of its own. A fast cache, typically consisting of volatile and fast <a href="Dynamic_random-access_memory" title="Dynamic random-access memory">DRAM</a>, is connected (via standard interfaces) to drives. These drives may have different speeds, like <a href="USB_flash_drive" title="USB flash drive">flash drives</a> and <a href="Non-volatile_memory" title="Non-volatile memory">non-volatile</a> magnetic <a href="Disk_drive" class="mw-redirect" title="Disk drive">disk drives</a>. Speed and price are generally correlated. The drives may be connected to <a href="Magnetic_tape" title="Magnetic tape">magnetic tapes</a>, on which the least active parts of a large database may reside. This may also be where <a href="Backup" title="Backup">backups</a> are located.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Data_structures">Data structures</h3></div>

<p>A data structure is an abstract construct that embeds data in a well defined manner. An efficient data structure allows manipulation of the data in efficient ways. The data manipulation may include data insertion, deletion, updating and retrieval in various modes. A certain data structure type may be very effective in certain operations, and very ineffective in others. A data structure type is selected upon DBMS development to best meet the operations needed for the types of data it contains. Type of data structure selected for a certain task typically also takes into consideration the type of storage it resides in (e.g., speed of access, minimal size of storage chunk accessed, etc.). In some DBMSs database administrators have the flexibility to select among options of data structures to contain user data for performance reasons. Sometimes the data structures have selectable parameters to tune the database performance.

</p><p>Databases may store data in many data structure types.<sup id="cite_ref-Physical_Database_Design_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Physical_Database_Design-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Common examples are the following:

</p>

<ul><li>ordered/unordered <a href="Flat_file_database" class="mw-redirect" title="Flat file database">flat files</a></li>

<li><a href="Hash_table" title="Hash table">hash tables</a></li>

<li><a href="B%2B_tree" title="B+ tree">B+ trees</a></li>

<li><a href="Heap_(data_structure)" title="Heap (data structure)">heaps</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Data_orientation_and_clustering">Data orientation and clustering</h3></div>

<p>In contrast to conventional row-orientation, relational databases can also be <a href="Column-oriented_DBMS" class="mw-redirect" title="Column-oriented DBMS">column-oriented</a> or correlational in the way they store data in any particular structure.

</p><p>In general, substantial performance improvement is gained if different types of database objects that are usually utilized together are laid in storage in proximity, being "clustered". This usually allows to retrieve needed related objects from storage in minimum number of input operations (each sometimes substantially time-consuming). Even for in-memory databases clustering provides performance advantage due to common utilization of large caches for input-output operations in memory, with similar resulting behavior.

</p><p>For example, it may be beneficial to cluster a record of an "item" in stock with all its respective "order" records. The decision of whether to cluster certain objects or not depends on the objects' utilization statistics, object sizes, caches sizes, storage types, etc.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Database_indexing">Database indexing</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Database_index" title="Database index">Database index</a></div>

<p>Indexing is a technique some storage engines use for improving database performance. The many types of indexes share the common property that they reduce the need to examine every entry when running a query. In large databases, this can reduce query time/cost by orders of magnitude. The simplest form of index is a sorted list of values that can be searched using a <a href="Binary_search" title="Binary search">binary search</a> with an adjacent reference to the location of the entry, analogous to the index in the back of a book. The same data can have multiple indexes (an employee database could be indexed by last name and hire date).

</p><p>Indexes affect performance, but not results. Database designers can add or remove indexes without changing application logic, reducing maintenance costs as the database grows and database usage evolves. Indexes can speed up data access, but they consume space in the database, and must be updated each time the data is altered. Indexes therefore can speed data access but slow data maintenance. These two properties determine whether a given index is worth the cost.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite class="citation book cs1">Lightstone, S.; Teorey, T.; Nadeau, T. (2007). <i>Physical Database Design: the database professional's guide to exploiting indexes, views, storage, and more</i>. Morgan Kaufmann Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-12-369389-1</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100330045149/http://dev.mysql.com/tech-resources/articles/storage-engine/part_3.html">https://web.archive.org/web/20100330045149/http://dev.mysql.com/tech-resources/articles/storage-engine/part_3.html</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PqZ6QytCemcC&pg=PT287&dq=storage+engines">MySQL Administrator's Bible</a> Chapter 11 "Storage Engines"</li></ul>

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</style><div id="Database414" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Database" title="Database">Database</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Database#Major_database_usage_requirements" title="Database">Requirements</a></li>

<li><a href="Database_theory" title="Database theory">Theory</a></li>

<li><a href="Database_object" title="Database object">Database object</a></li>

<li><a href="Database_model" title="Database model">Models</a></li>

<li><a href="Database_management_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Database management system">Database management system</a></li>

<li><a href="Database_machine" title="Database machine">Machine</a></li>

<li><a href="Database_server" title="Database server">Server</a></li>

<li><a href="Database_application" title="Database application">Application</a></li>

<li><a href="Database_connection" title="Database connection">Connection</a>

<ul><li><a href="Datasource" title="Datasource">datasource</a></li>

<li><a href="Database_administrator" title="Database administrator">Administrator</a></li>

<li><a href="Synonym_(database)" title="Synonym (database)">Synonym</a></li>

<li>Types</li>

<li><a href="Comparison_of_database_tools" class="mw-redirect" title="Comparison of database tools">Tools</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Database#Database_languages" title="Database">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Data_definition_language" title="Data definition language">Data definition</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_manipulation_language" title="Data manipulation language">Data manipulation</a></li>

<li><a href="Query_language" title="Query language">Query</a>

<ul><li><a href="Information_retrieval_query_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Information retrieval query language">information retrieval</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Database_security" title="Database security">Security</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Database_activity_monitoring" title="Database activity monitoring">Activity monitoring</a></li>

<li><a href="Database_audit" title="Database audit">Audit</a></li>

<li><a href="Database_forensics" title="Database forensics">Forensics</a></li>

<li><a href="Negative_database" title="Negative database">Negative database</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Database_design" title="Database design">Design</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Entity%E2%80%93relationship_model" title="Entity–relationship model">Entities and relationships</a> (and <a href="Enhanced_entity%E2%80%93relationship_model" title="Enhanced entity–relationship model">Enhanced</a> notation)</li>

<li><a href="Database_normalization" title="Database normalization">Normalization</a></li>

<li><a href="Database_schema" title="Database schema">Schema</a></li>

<li><a href="Database_refactoring" title="Database refactoring">Refactoring</a></li>

<li><a href="Cardinality_(data_modeling)" title="Cardinality (data modeling)">Cardinality</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Programming</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Database_abstraction_layer" title="Database abstraction layer">Abstraction layer</a></li>

<li><a href="Object%E2%80%93relational_mapping" title="Object–relational mapping">Object–relational mapping</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Management</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Database_virtualization" title="Database virtualization">Virtualization</a></li>

<li><a href="Database_tuning" title="Database tuning">Tuning</a>

<ul><li><a href="Database_caching" title="Database caching">caching</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Data_migration#Database_migration" title="Data migration">Migration</a></li>

<li><a href="Database_preservation" title="Database preservation">Preservation</a></li>

<li><a href="Database_integrity" class="mw-redirect" title="Database integrity">Integrity</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Lists_of_databases" title="Lists of databases">Lists of</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_academic_databases_and_search_engines" title="List of academic databases and search engines">Academic</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_biological_databases" title="List of biological databases">Biological</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_biodiversity_databases" title="List of biodiversity databases">Biodiversity</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_facial_expression_databases" title="List of facial expression databases">Facial expression</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_online_databases" title="List of online databases">Online</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_online_music_databases" title="List of online music databases">Online music</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_online_real_estate_databases" title="List of online real estate databases">Online real estate</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Database-centric_architecture" title="Database-centric architecture">Database-centric architecture</a></li>

<li><a href="Intelligent_database" title="Intelligent database">Intelligent database</a></li>

<li><a href="Two-phase_locking" title="Two-phase locking">Two-phase locking</a></li>

<li><a href="Locks_with_ordered_sharing" title="Locks with ordered sharing">Locks with ordered sharing</a></li>

<li><a href="Database_publishing" title="Database publishing">Publishing</a></li>

<li><a href="Halloween_Problem" title="Halloween Problem">Halloween Problem</a></li>

<li><a href="Log_shipping" title="Log shipping">Log shipping</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"></span></span> WikiProject</b> <b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category</b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-06-17" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Database_engine&oldid=1296092479">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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